RBSE Class 12 English Unseen Passages & Note-Making

Rajasthan  Board RBSE Class 12th Unseen Passages & Note-Making

Unseen Passages & Note-Making

(i) Note-making:

Note-making अध्ययन की एक उपयोगी व महत्त्वपूर्ण कला है। कभी-कभी हमारी अध्ययन सामग्री काफी विस्तृत होती है जिस कारण उसे याद रख पाना काफी मुश्किल या कठिन कार्य होता है। अतः passage में से मुख्य बातों को नोट करना काफी महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है। इन मुख्य बातों या main points को उप-भागों (Sub-sections) और फिर उप-उप-भागों (sub-sub-sections) में विभाजित करके लिखा जाता है। जहाँ तक सम्भव हो वहाँ शब्दों को संक्षिप्त रूप (abbreviated form) में प्रस्तुत करना काफी उपयोगी होता है।

अच्छे notes बनाने हेतु कुछ उपयोगी बातें:

1. Notes संक्षिप्त रूप में लिखने चाहिए।
मुख्य बातों (main points) को रेखांकित करना चाहिए।
Notes को ‘Note-form’ में ही लिखना चाहिये।
Note,form के अन्तर्गत सम्पूर्ण वाक्य न लिखकर सिर्फ Phrases में ही मुख्य बातों को लिखा जाता है।

2. (i) अध्ययन सामग्री (Information) को तार्किक ढंग से विभाजित व उप-विभाजित करना चाहिए।
(ii) विभाजन हेतु सामान्यत: निम्न प्रकार की तीन मुख्य विभाजन विधियों का उपयोग किया जाता है:
Main section (मुख्य भाग): 1, 2, 3, आदि या I, II, III.
Sub-section (उपभाग): (i), (ii), (iii) आदि
Sub-sub-Section (उप-उप-भाग): (a), (b), (c) आदि

3. विभाजने की अन्य सुविधाजनक विधि है-दशमलव विधि (decimal system):
Main section (मुख्य भाग): 1, 2, 3, आदि
Sub-section (उप-भाग):1.1, 1.2, 1.3 आदि
Sub-sub-section (उप-उप-भाग): 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 आदि।

4. शब्दों के संक्षिप्त रूप व चिह्नों का स्वतन्त्र उपयोग करना चाहिए।

5. Articles, Prepositions और Conjunctions आदि का प्रयोग कम-से-कम अथवा नहीं करना चाहिए।

6. Notes इस प्रकार लिखे जाने चाहिए कि उन्हें दोबारा पढ़ने पर उनका अर्थ स्पष्ट हो सके।
Symbols used in note-making of unseen passages
< = less than (छोटा)
> = greater than (बड़ा)
= = is equal to (बराबर)
∴ = therefore, so (इसलिए)
∵ = for, since, because (चूँकि)
cc = copy
& = and (तथा)
+ = addition (योग)
– = substraction (घटाना)
÷ = division (भाग)
× = multiplication (गुणा)
/ = slash (विकल्प-सूचक)
. = point (बिंदु)
आदि-आदि प्रतीक (symbols) साधारणतया प्रयोग में लाए जा सकते हैं।

(ii) Summary or Abstraction:

सारांश या सार का अर्थ है दिये गये passage को जितना सम्भव हो सके कम-से-कम शब्दों में पुनः प्रस्तुत करना। सारांश में सभी मुख्य बातों का समावेश होना चाहिये जिससे कि पढ़ने वाला व्यक्ति उस passage को पूर्ण रूप से समझ सके। सारांश लिखने हेतु मुख्य बातें:

• सम्पूर्ण Passage (अपठित गद्यांश) को ठीक ढंग से पढ़ें तथा. मुख्य विचारों को रेखांकित करें।
•  हर एक Paragraph का Main sentence ढूँढे।
•  सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण सूचनाओं की संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ (short notes) बनाएँ।
•  सारांश अपने स्वयं के शब्दों में लिखें।
• सारांश को indirect form में लिखना चाहिये।
• सारांश सामान्यत: मूल passage का लगभग एक-तिहाई (1/3) होना चाहिये।
• Complex, compound तथा अन्य प्रकार के कठिन वाक्यों को सरल वाक्यों में परिवर्तित करें।
• One word substitution का प्रयोग भी किया जा सकता है।

(iii) Abbreviations and Symbols:
Abbreviations should be so selected or used as not to create confusion. They should be easily understood.
Abbreviations को निम्नलिखित तरीके से लिख सकते हैं –
(i) Using only capital letters (केवल अंग्रेजी के बड़े अक्षरों का प्रयोग करके) जैसे –

• PIN = Postal Index Number
• IAF = Indian Air Force
• NDA = National Defence Academy
• CDS = Combined Defence Services
• VRS = Voluntary Retirement Scheme

(ii) शब्द के प्रारम्भिक व अंतिम अक्षरों को लेकर भी Abbreviations बनाए जा सकते हैं। जैसे –

• retd = retired
• ft = feet or foot
• govt = Government

(iii) कुछ प्रारम्भिक अक्षरों को लेकर भी Abbreviations बनाए जा सकते हैं। जैसे –

• hon. = honourable
• kg. = kilogram

Examples-

Question 1. (S. S. Exam 2018)

Read the passage given below and answer the questions:
This problem of the art of living is one which for two thousand years has interested and perplexed the world’s philosophers ………….. Most people would agree that, apart from the eternal verities, the art of living consists in the achievement of happiness and in the avoidance of unhappiness. Happiness has little to do with enjoyment or even pleasure; it is something for more reputable than self-indulgence. Happiness can only be found in the free and successful expression of one’s own personality. I shall now examine that phrase and therefore repeat it.

Happiness, or the art of living, consists in the free and successful expression of one’s own personality, what do I mean by that? I mean something for more than the selfishness of self-seeking. People who are selfish or self-centered or conceited have not begun to learn the art of living; they have not mastered even the ABC of the art. Of all the miserable people in the world, there are none so miserable as those who think only of themselves and whose every motive is the self-seeking motive.

You see, every man or woman born into this world is given certain personal virtues and cursed with certain personal defects. If he or she seeks to express his or her own personality, which I hold to be the art of living, he must strive always to express his virtues and to suppress his defects. He must not express the worst in himself; he must express the best in himself. He will never be happy if he falls into the dreary round of selfishness.

(Word Notes: has interested = (जानने की) रुचि जगाई है। perplexed = भ्रमिते, किंकर्तव्यविमूढ़। eternal = शा२वत, निरन्तर विद्यमान। consist in (Phrasal verb) = में होना, से बना होना। achievement = उपलब्धि। pleasure = प्रसन्नता, आनन्द। self-indulgence = आत्म – आसाक्ति, स्वयं में मगन रहने की भावना। self-seeking = स्वहित पूर्ति की भावना (N) स्वार्थपरायण (A)। conceited = दम्भी, अहंकारी। ABC = प्राथमिक सामान्य तथ्य। miserable = दयनीय। virtues = सदाचार, सद्गुण। strive = कठिन प्रयास करना। suppress = दमन करना, रोक लगाना। dreary = दुःखद, निरस।)

Question 1. (2 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. The art of living consists
1.1. in the achievement of happiness
1.2. in the avoidance of unhappiness

2. Happiness
2.1. is not self-indulgence
2.2. is not selfishness

3. Happiness can only be found
in the free and successful expression of one’s personality

4. Every man or woman
4.1. has certain personal virtues
4.2. is cursed with certain personal defects.

5. This art of living is
5.1. to express virtues
5.2. to suppress defects

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
The world’s philosophers have always strived to know the art of living and they, at last, define it as the achievement of happiness. Happiness is the free and successful expression of one’s own personality. It has nothing to do with selfishness or self-centeredness. A man having the art of living always expresses his virtues and suppresses his defects with having a desire of selfishness.
Title – The Art of Living

Question 2.

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
There are two problems which cause great worry to our educationists – the problem of religious and moral instruction in a land of many faiths and the problem arising out of a large variety of languages. Taking up the education of children we see that they should be trained to love one another, to be kind and helpful to all, to be tender to the lower animals and to observe and think right. The task of teaching them how to read and write and to count and calculate is important, but it should not make us lose sight of the primary aim of moulding personality in the right way.

For this, it is necessary to call into aid, culture, tradition and religion. But in our country we have, in the same school, to look after boys and girls born in different faiths and belonging to families that live in diverse ways of life and follow different forms of worship associated with different denominations of religion. It will not do to tread the easy path of evading difficulties by attending solely to physical culture and intellectual education.

We have to evolve a suitable technique and method for serving the spiritual needs of school children professing different faiths. We should thereby promote an atmosphere of mutual respect, a fuller understanding and helpful co-operation among the different communities in our society. Again we must remain one people and we have, therefore, to give basic training in our schools to speak and understand more languages than one and to appreciate and respect the different religions prevailing in India.

It is not right for us in India to be dissuaded from this by considerations as to numbing the young mind. What is necessary must be done. And it is not in fact, too great a burden. Any attempt to do away with or steamroll the differences through governmental coercion and indirect pressure would be as futile as it would be unwise.

Any imposition of a single way of life and form of worship on all children or neglect of a section of the pupils in this respect or barren secularisation will lead to conflict between school and home life which is harmful.

(Word Notes: instruction = निर्देश। arising out = उठती हुई। tender = नरम या उदार। task = कार्य। lose sight = (यहाँ) परवाह न करना। moulding = ढालना। diverse = भिन्न-भिन्न। associated = जुड़े हुए। tread = चलना। evading = बचाते हुए। attending = परवाह करना। solely = केवल। evolve = विकास करना। technique = तकनीक। professing = दावा करते हुए। promote = प्रोत्साहित करना। mutual = आपसी। prevailing = प्रचलित। dissuaded = मना किया गया। consideration = विचार। overtaking = नियन्त्रित करते हुए। steamroll = दबा देना। coercion = ताकत का प्रयोग। futile = व्यर्थ। imposition = जबरदस्ती थोपना। barren = खोखले। conflict = विवाद।)

Question 1. (4 marks)
On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings.
Answer:
Notes:
1. Problems before our educationists:
1.1.religious and moral instructions because we have children
1.1.1 born in different faiths
1.1.2. living in diverse ways of life
1.1.3. following different religions
1.1.4. following different forms of worship
1.1.5. speaking a large variety of languages

2. The children should be taught to
2.1. love one another
2.2. be kind and helpful to all
2.3. be tender to animals
2.4. observe and think right

3. Primary Aim
3.1. personality development in the right way
3.2. develop suitable techniques and methods for
3.2.1. serving spiritual need
3.2.2. promoting an atmosphere of mutual respect
3.2.3. being helpful
3.2.4. speaking and understanding more than one language
3.2.5. respecting and appreciating different religions

4. Wrong and unwise to
4.1.use any kind of pressure to accept
4.2. impose a single way of life and form of worship

Question 2. (2 marks)
Write a summary of the passage and suggest a suitable title.
Answer:
Summary
In a land of many faiths, there are two big problems before our educationists. One is the problem of religious and moral instruction and the other problem arises out of a large variety of languages. We should teach our children to love one another, to be kind and helpful and to be tender to animals. They should not only be provided formal education but also mould their personality in the right way. We should promote mutual respect, fuller understanding, and cooperation among different communities. We should train our children to speak and understand more languages and to appreciate and respect other religions. Imposition will be futile. No single way of life or worship should be promoted.
Title – Human Values and Education.